17. J. L. Burckhardt, Notes on the Bedouins and Wahhabys,2 vols., London, 1830, p. 133.

18. ibid., p. 134.

19. C. S. Jarvis, Yesterday and Today in Sinai,London, 1941, p. 18.

20. Pierce Joyce Papers, King’s College, London, 18 November 1917.

21. Alec Kirkbride, BBC interview, December 1962, in MS. Res., 55/2.

22. SPW,1935, p. 64.

13. Not an Army But a World is Moving upon Wejh

1. T. E. Lawrence, ‘Evolution of a Revolt’ in Evolution of a Revolt: Early Postwar Writings of T. E. lawrence,ed. S. and R. Weintraub, Pennsylvania, 1968, p. 106.

2. Wilson, Authorised,p. 320.

3. Lawrence to Clayton, 5 December 1916, PRO FO, 882.

4. ibid.

5. ibid.

6. Wilson, Authorised,p. 342.

7. Wilson to Clayton, 7 December 1916, PRO FO, 882.

8. ibid.

9. SPW,1935, p. 134.

10. PRO FO, 686.

11. N. N. E. Bray, Shifting Sands,London, 1934, p. 133.

14. I Do Not Suppose Any Englishman Before Ever Had Such a Place

1. Literally ‘Father of the Ostrich’.

2. SPW,1935, p. 187.

3. Wilson, Authorised,p. 358.

4. PRO FO, 88/6 196.

5. Brown Letters,p. 103.

6. Richards, A Portrait of T. E. Lawrence,p. 97.

7. Friends,p. 87.

8. Joyce, BBC interview, 14 June 1941 and 30 April 1939, in MS. Res., 55/2.

9. British Library, Add. Mss. 45915.

10. Mack, Prince,p. 239.

11. SPW,1935, p. 193.

12. ibid., p. 198.

13. Mousa, T. E. Lawrence: An Arab View,p. 56.

14. Lawrence to Joyce, PRO FO, 686/6.

15. British Library, Add. Mss., 45983a.

16. SPW,1935, p. 216.

17. PRO FO, 686/6, 24 April 1917.

18. ibid.

19. PRO FO, 686/6, 150.

15. It is Not Known What are the Present Whereabouts of Captain Lawrence

1. Auda was a great tale-teller, and the stories of his eating the hearts of his victims, as well as the toll of his killings, could well be exaggerated. J. N. Lockman has suggested that Auda’s tendency to elaborate might well have influenced Lawrence – in particular, Auda was so certain of his own fame that he would even tell stories against himself – perhaps giving Lawrence a precedent for the Dara’a fantasy – if fantasy it was (see J. N. L. Lockman, Scattered Tracks,p. 133). It is, however, by no means impossible that Auda had killed seventy-five men: even at the end of the twentieth century there exist men such as the Sardinian bandit Francesco Messina, who was convicted of killing fifty men in a family blood-feud.

2. Murray–Robertson correspondence, British Library.

3. Vickery to Clayton, PRO FO, 686/6 47.

4. Clayton to Vickery, PRO FO, 686/6 46.

5. Clayton, PRO FO, 882/6.

6. Lawrence’s ‘shopping list’ for the Aqaba mission, handwritten in his skeleton diary, includes a Lewis gun, but this is not referred to at all in his reports and dispatches.

7. Wilson to Clayton, PRO FO, 882, 351.

8. British Library, Add. Mss., 45983a (Skeleton Diaries).

9. ibid.

10. British Library, Add. Mss., 45915 (War Diary).

11. Richards, A Portrait of T. E. Lawrence,p. 95.

12. SPW,1935, p. 28.

13. British Library, Add. Mss., 45915 (War Diary).

14. SPW,Oxford text, 1926, p. 45.

15. SPW,1935, p. 382. J. N. Lockman has claimed that this ‘Shimt’ is actually Gasim Abu Dumayk, the volatile Sheikh of the Dumaniyya Howaytat. This seems unlikely, for though the Dumaniyya fought at Aba 1-Lissan, they were not at Mudowwara: Lawrence clearly states that he had banned them from accompanying this raid.

16. British Library, Add. Mss. 45983a (Skeleton Diaries).

17. British Library, Add. Mss. 45915 (War Diary).

18. Lowell Thomas, MS. Res., 55/2.

19. Lyn Cowan, Masochism: A Jungian View,Texas, 1982, p. 124.

20. British Library, Add. Mss., 45915 (War Diary).

21. SPW,Oxford text, 1926.

22. Wilson, Authorised,p. 410.

23. British Library, Add. Mss. 45915 (War Diary).

24. SPW,1935, p. 284.

25. Mousa, T. E. Lawrence: An Arab View,p. 175.

26. RG,pp. 88–90.

27. Brown Letters,p. 408.

28. ibid., p. 274.

29. British Library, Add. Mss, 45915 (War Diary).

30. SPW,1935, p. 325.

31. Lawrence does not mention Slieve Foyin the 1935 text. He told Liddell Hart that the ship had actually been put in place to support the Arab attack on Aqaba: this does not square with the idea that the mission was unauthorized.

16. An Amateurish, Buffalo-Billy Sort of Performance

1. Lawrence, ‘Evolution of a Revolt’, p. 45.

2. W. F. Stirling, ‘Tales of Lawrence of Arabia’, Cornhill Magazine,74 (1933), pp. 494ff.

3. SPW,1935, p. 324.

4. ibid.

5. Lawrence, Secret Dispatches.

6. Garnett Letters,p. 228.

7. After writing this, I discovered that both Richard Aldington and J. N. Lockman had discovered the discrepancy. All credit must go to both of them for coming across this fact before myself.

8. SPW,Oxford text, 1926, p. 262.

9. Clayton to CIGS, PRO FO, 882/6.

10. SPW,1935, p. 330.

11. ibid., p. 582.

12. PRO FO, 882, 12/13.

13. SPW,1935, p. 395.

14. Clayton to Joyce, 18 September 1917, PRO FO, 882/7.

15. ibid.

16. SPW,1935, p. 360.

17. Friends,p. 167.

18. ibid.

19. 13 September 1917, PRO FO, 882/4.

20. SPW,1935, p. 369.

21. PRO FO, 882.

22. Brown Letters,p. 126.

23. Garnett Letters,p. 238.

17. Ahmad ibn Baqr, a Circassian from Qunaytra

1. SPW,1935, p. 253.

2. Philip Graves later asserted that Lawrence could himself perform this act. It is picture which smacks more of red Indians or the heroic world of Malory than of Arabia Deserta.The average camel stands about six feet at the shoulder, and perhaps nine feet at the withers. For a man to ‘leap into the saddle’ one-handed would require something more than the ability of an Olympic high-jump champion. More probably, ‘Ali mounted his camel by stepping on the animal’s neck and swarming on to its withers – a customary way of mounting, yet one so ungainly and vulnerable in its lack of control as to be scarcely worthy of the expression ‘leaping into the saddle’.

3. SPW,1935, p. 397.

4. ibid., p. 415.

5. Garnett Letters,p. 239.

6. SPW,1935, p. 545.

7. ibid.

8. ibid.

9. SPW,1935, p. 454.

10. ibid., p. 456.

11. ibid.

12. Brown Letters,p. 166.

13. Friends,p. 124.

14. SPW,1935, pp. 445–8.

15. Brown Letters,p, 132.

16. Mack, Prince,p. 233.

17. Wilson, Authorised,p. 1084.

18. Friends,p. 124.

19. It is, of course, possible, that both the Artillery and Khalfati incidents were mere figments of Lawrence’s masochistic fantasy also – no independent corroboration exists for either.

20. SPW,Oxford text, p. 38.

21. British Library, Add MSS., 45903, Charlotte Shaw Letters.

22. SPW,1935, p. 581.

23. Cowan, Masochism,p. 248.

24. Brown Letters,p. 299.

25. See Lockman, Scattered Tracks,pp. 139ff.

26. ibid.

27. H. Montgomery-Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks – Lawrence of Arabia as Airman and Private Soldier,London, 1977, p. 40.

28. Wilson, Authorised,p. 1084.

29. SPW,Oxford text, 1926, p. 78.

30. Winterton recalled that Lawrence’s bodyguard consisted of about sixty men during the Dara’a operation, but it may be that Lawrence’s own guard was combined with Sharif Nasir’s larger ‘Agayl bodyguard at this point, or that Winterton’s memory was influenced by SPW.In any case, if Lawrence’s bodyguard exceeded the fifteen or so listed in his diary as having been paid, presumably the extra hands worked for him for nothing!

31. Wilson, Authorised,p. 1084.

32. SPW,1935, p. 28.

33. MS. Res., 55/2.

34. Friends,p. 147.

18. The Most Ghastly Material to Build into a Design

1. PRO, 882/4 251.

2. Falls, Cyril, et al., Military Operations in Egypt and Palestine,Vol. 1, 1928, Parts 1 and 2 (Official War History), p. 404.

3. SPW,1935, p. 492.

4. Brown Letters,p. 434.

5. ibid., p. 435.

6. LH,p. 105.

7. ibid.

8. RG, p.97.

9. Brown Letters,p. 434.

10. PRO FO, 882/4.

11. SPW,Oxford text, 1926, p. 99.

12. S. C. Rolls, Steel Chariots in the Desert,London, 1937, p. 221.

13. SPW,1935, p. 535.

14. Brown Letters,p. 260.

15. Rolls, Steel Chariots,p. 230.

16. SPW,1935, p. 499.

19. My Dreams Puffed out Like Candles in the Strong Wind of Success

1. SPW,1935, p. 653.

2. Hubert Young, The Independent Arab,London, 1933, p. 142.

3. ibid., p. 203.

4. SPW,1935, p. 555.

5. Young, The Independent Arab, p.199.

6. ibid.

7. SPW,1935, p. 543.

8. Young, The Independent Arab,p. 211.

9. Knightley and Simpson, Secret Lives,p. 162.

10. Young, The Independent Arab,p. 219.

11. Rolls, Steel Chariots in the Desert,p. 264.

12. ibid., p. 288.

13. SPW,1935, p. 620.

14. Young, The Independent Arab,p. 228.

15. SPW,1935, p. 620.

16. Lord Winterton, ‘Arabian Nights and Days’, Blackwood’s Magazine,207 (1920), p. 754.

17. Lord Winterton, Fifty Tumultuous Years,1955, p. 70.

18. ibid.

19. SPW,1935, p. 653.

20. ibid., p. 654.

21. Richards, A Portrait of T. E. Lawrence,p. 97.

22. Mack, Prince,p. 239.

23. Peake evidently believed, probably incorrectly, that all these Bedu belonged to Lawrence’s bodyguard. (See ch. 17, n. 30.)

24. ibid.

25. Lord Birdwood, Nuri As Said. A Study in Arab Leadership,London, 1959, p. 199.

26. Kirkbride to Liddell Hart, 8 November 1962 in MS. Res., b. 56.

27. Mack, Prince,p. 239.

28. George Staples, interviewed in the Toronto Telegraph,31 January 1963. Staples’s testimony has been challenged. Lawrence himself says that he rode in search of Barrow with only his lieutenant Ahmad az-Za’aqi.

29. SPW,1935, p. 657.

30. SPW,1935, p. 660.

31. SPW,1935, p. 662.

32. ibid., p. 666.

33. W. F. Stirling, ‘Tales of Lawrence of Arabia’, pp. 494ff.

34. Brown Letters,p. 275.

35. ibid.

36. SPW,1935, p. 682.

37. ibid., p. 659.

20. Colonel Lawrence Still Goes On; Only I Have Stepped Out of the Way

1. Young, The Independent Arab,p. 142.

2. LH,20 May 1935.

3. Wilson, Authorised,p. 603.

4. Wilson, Authorised,p. 620.

5. RG,p. 36.

6. Brown Letters,p. 332.

7. Wilson, Authorised,p. 630.

8. Friends,p. 245.

9. ibid., p. 199.

10. Brown Letters,p. 223.

11. ibid., p. 219.

12. Orlans, Lawrence of Arabia,p. 26.

13. Brown Letters,p. 172.

14. Friends,p. 208.

15. ibid., p. 214.

16. ibid.

17. ibid.

18. Aldington, Lawrence of Arabia.

19. SPW,1935, p. 580.

20. Cowan, Masochism,p. 124.

21. RG,p. 20.

22. Mack, Prince,p. 525.

23. Friends,p. 197.

24. SPW,1935, p. 276.

25. Antonius, The Arab Awakening,p. 319.

21. In Speed We Hurl Ourselves Beyond the Body

1. J. N. Lockman reports having read Lawrence’s RAF medical record, and though this was not available for publication concludes that the evidence suggests his scars were voluntarily acquired after the war. Lockman discounts Johns’s later testimony to the Sunday Times,1968. See Lockman, Scattered Tracks,pp. 139ff.

2. Montgomery-Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks,p. 52.

3. RG,p. 97.

4. Montgomery-Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks,p. 48.

5. Garnett Letters,p. 379.

6. British Library, Add. Mss. 45903, Charlotte Shaw Letters.

7. Brown Letters,p. 221.

8. Garnett Letters,p. 379.

9. Friends,p. 379.

10. Brown Letters,p. 210.

11. ibid., p. 216.

12. ibid., p. 215.

13. Wilson, Authorised,p. 687.

14. Garnett Letters,p. 375.

15. Brown Letters,p. 209.

16. Montgomery-Hyde, Solitary in the Ranks,p. 48.

17. John Bruce, sworn testimony, Knightley and Simpson Papers, Imperial War Museum, p. 17.

18. ibid.

19. Wilson, Authorised,p. 704.

20. Bruce, sworn testimony, p. 17.

21. Knighdey and Simpson, Secret Lives,p. 193.

22. ibid., p. 194.

23. Mack, Prince,p. 525.

24. John Bruce, sworn testimony, p. 74.

25. Mack, Prince,p. 525.

26. Bruce, sworn testimony.

27. Brown Letters,p. 488.

28. ibid., p. 462.

29. ibid., p. 468.

30. Wilson, Authorised,p. 928.

31. Brown Letters,p. 408.

32. ibid., p. 486.

33. Brown Letters,p. 526.

34. ibid., p. 537.

35. ibid., p. 486.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Archives

The Bodleian Library, Oxford: Reserve Manuscript Collection (embargoed material on T. E. Lawrence).

The National Library of Scotland, Manuscripts Collection: Various files, rare books and manuscripts.

The Public Record Office, Kew: Foreign Office and War Office Files; Arab Bureau Files; Intelligence Files.

The British Library Additional Manuscripts Collection: Robertson–McMahon Correspondence; T. E. Lawrence – Letters to Charlotte Shaw; T. E. Lawrence – War Diaries and Pocket Diaries.

King’s College, University of London, Basil Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives: Joyce Pierce Akaba Papers.

Imperial War Museum, London: Knightley and Simpson Papers.

Books and Journals

Abdallah, King of Jordan, Memoirs,ed. Philip Graves, London, 1950.

Admiralty War Staff – Intelligence Division, A Handbook of Arabia,Vol. 1, London, 1916.

Aldington, Richard, Lawrence of Arabia: A Biographical Enquiry,London, 1955.

Andrews, P., and Brunner, E., The Life of Lord of Nuffield,London, 1955.

Antonius, George, The Arab Awakening,London, 1938.

Baker, Randall, King Hussain and the Kingdom of the Hejaz,Cambridge, 1979.

Barbor, Patricia, Desert Treks from Jeddah,London, 1996.

Barker, A. J., The Neglected War: Mesopotamia 1915– 1916,London, 1967.

Bedarida, Franзois, A Social History of England 1851– 1975,London, 1979.

Bell, Lady (ed.), The Letters of Gertrude Bell,2 vols., London, 1927.

Ben Yusuf, Ofer, and Khazanov, Anatoly, Pastoralism in the Levant,1992.

Berne, Eric, Games People Play – The Psychology of Human Relationships,New York, 1964.

Betjeman, John, and Vaisey, D., Victorian and Edwardian Oxford,Oxford, 1971.

Birdwood, Lord, Nuri As Said. A Study in Arab Leadership,London, 1959.

Blackmore, Charles, In the Footsteps of Lawrence of Arabia,London, 1986.

Blunt, Lady Anne, Bedouin Tribes of the Euphrates, 2vols., London, 1879.

Bray, N. N. E., Shifting Sands,London, 1934.

Brill, E. J., Mecca and the Tribes of Arabia – Some Notes on Their Relationsin Society and Religion from jahiliyya to Islam,ed. M. J. Kister, London, 1990.

Brown, Malcolm, A Touch of Genius – the Life of T. E. Lawrence,Oxford, 1988.

Bullock, David L., Allenby’s War – The Palestinian-Arabian Campaign 1916– 18,London, 1987.

Burbidge, W. F., The Mysterious AC2 – A Biographical Sketch of Lawrence of Arabia,London, 1943.

Burckhardt, J. L., Notes on the Bedouins and Wahhabys, 2vols, London, 1830.

Candler, E., ‘Lawrence in the Hedjaz’, Blackwood’s,243 (December 1925).

Charmley, John, Lord Lloyd and the Decline of the British Empire,London, 1987.

Clayton, Gilbert, An Arabian Diary,London, 1969.

Cowan, Lyn, New Ways in Psychoanalysis,New York, 1966.